Integração espacial no mercado brasileiro de café arábica

This study analyzes spatial integration in the arabica coffee market of the two main producer states in Brazil. The results of the Dickey-Fuller Augmented (DFA) unit root test show that all price series are integrated of first order, I(1). The results of the Johansen co-integration test suggest that all series are co-integrated. It can be concluded, thus, that the coffee markets of the main producer regions in the States of Minas Gerais and São Paulo are spatially integrated, which means that supply and demand shocks in one of these markets affect the coffee prices in the other markets. Another outcome of this research, resulting from the estimation of an error correction model and the application of the Granger causality test, is that the Cerrado region in the State of Minas Gerais Granger-causes the prices in the other regions. This result contradicts the expectation that the South of Minas region, one of the main producers and exporters in Brazil, would lead the remaining regions. Therefore, the results of this research suggest that the Brazilian coffee market is efficient, since information has flowed rapidly among the market agents, allowing arbitrage and the Law of One Price to work properly

Integração espacial no mercado brasileiro de café arábica [Market integration in the Brazilian arabica coffee market]

This study analyzes spatial integration in the arabica coffee market of the two main producer states in Brazil. The results of the Dickey-Fuller Augmented (DFA) unit root test show that all price series are integrated of first order, I(1). The results of the Johansen co-integration test suggest that all series are co-integrated. It can be concluded, thus, that the coffee markets of the main producer regions in the States of Minas Gerais and São Paulo are spatially integrated, which means that supply and demand shocks in one of these markets affect the coffee prices in the other markets. Another outcome of this research, resulting from the estimation of an error correction model and the application of the Granger causality test, is that the Cerrado region in the State of Minas Gerais Granger-causes the prices in the other regions. This result contradicts the expectation that the South of Minas region, one of the main producers and exporters in Brazil, would lead the remaining regions. Therefore, the results of this research suggest that the Brazilian coffee market is efficient, since information has flowed rapidly among the market agents, allowing arbitrage and the Law of One Price to work properly.market integration, coffee, price co-integration

Efeitos da desregulamentação na extensão e no grau de integração do mercado brasileiro de café

O setor cafeeiro passou por um processo de desregulamentação no período 1989/1990. Um fator externo, o final do Acordo Internacional de Café, aliado a um fator interno, a extinção do Instituto Brasileiro do Café, provavelmente aumentaram a competição e a integração no mercado brasileiro de café. Este artigo tentou identificar a extensão e a integração do mercado usando dados dos principais estados produtores e consumidores de café. Os resultados mostraram que a extensão do mercado brasileiro de café envolve estados de todas as regiões do país e todos os tipos de café (arábica e robusta). Além disso, o grau de integração aumentou após a desregulamentação do mercado, especialmente no mercado de café arábica

Biophysical profile of Lutao Reef in 2007

Coral reefs are one of the most productive marine ecosystems that helps replenish fish stocks in the sea. Samar, Philippines relies so much on marine products as the main source of food and livelihood, thus care of its reef is very important. There are several reefs in the bays and seas of Samar with Lutao Reef as the largest for the City of Catbalogan. The barrier reef is estimated to be 1.6 km long and 0.25 km width covering an area of about 37.64 hectares. Despite being a protected habitat since 1996, the reef shows a certain level of degradation attributed to some destructive fishing, gleaning of important marine resource, and practices such as improper waste disposals causing damage to the corals in the reef. Non-biodegradable waste clings on to the coral reef were observed. Only about ¾ is covered with about 13 genres of live corals mostly of Acropora genre. About 10% of the reef corals are dead, some exhibits coral bleaching. A total of 43 species of fish were identified with nine dominant species namely; Pomacentrus trilineatus, Pomacentrus richardsoni, Plotosus lineatus, Cheilodipterus novemstriatus, Abudefduf vaigiensis, Pterocaesio tile, Neoglyphidodon melas, Abudefduf sexfasciatus, and Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus with numbers varying monthly. There are signs of slow phase of recovery which can be enhanced with strong intervention from the authorities and the people

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

Ethylene Synthesis and Regulated Expression of Recombinant Protein in Synechocystis sp PCC 6803

The ethylene-forming enzyme (EFE) from Pseudomonas syringae catalyzes the synthesis of ethylene which can be easily detected in the headspace of closed cultures. A synthetic codon-optimized gene encoding N-terminal His-tagged EFE (EFEh) was expressed in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (Synechocystis) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) under the control of diverse promoters in a self-replicating broad host-range plasmid. Ethylene synthesis was stably maintained in both organisms in contrast to earlier work in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. The rate of ethylene accumulation was used as a reporter for protein expression in order to assess promoter strength and inducibility with the different expression systems. Several metal-inducible cyanobacterial promoters did not function in E. coli but were well-regulated in cyanobacteria, albeit at a low level of expression. The E. coli promoter P(trc) resulted in constitutive expression in cyanobacteria regardless of whether IPTG was added or not. In contrast, a Lac promoter variant, P(A1lacO-1), induced EFE-expression in Synechocystis at a level of expression as high as the Trc promoter and allowed a fine level of IPTG-dependent regulation of protein-expression. The regulation was tight at low cell density and became more relaxed in more dense cultures. A synthetic quorum-sensing promoter system was also constructed and shown to function well in E. coli, however, only a very low level of EFE-activity was observed in Synechocystis, independent of cell density